Fig. 1 Main application areas of hemming operation on automobiles More

Fig. 2 ( a ) Components and ( b ) process stages in hemming [ 21 ]. Reproduced with permission. Image Copyright 2009 by Elsevier. More

Fig. 3 Some types of hems More

Fig. 4 Different types of hems; ( a ) standup hem, ( b ) lying hem, ( c ) standup double hem, ( d ) lying double hem, ( e ) inside hem, ( f ) outside hem, ( g ) single bottom hem, ( h ) double bottom hem, ( i ) trapezium hem, and ( j ) taper hem [ 1 ]. Reproduced with permission. Image Copyright 2... More

Fig. 5 Sealant and adhesive applied hem joints [ 7 ]. Reproduced with permission. Image Copyright 2019 by Springer Nature. More

Fig. 6 Edge and surface geometries in hemming [ 22 ]. Reproduced with permission. Image Copyright 2004 by Elsevier. More

Fig. 7 Typical hem defects [ 15 ]. Reproduced with permission. Image Copyright 2004 by Elsevier. More

Fig. 8 Tool motions in ( a ) die hemming and ( b ) table-top hemming More

Fig. 9 Roller passes in pre-and final hemming stages [ 32 ]. Reproduced with permission. Image Copyright 2014 by Springer Nature. More

Fig. 10 ( a ) Various roller geometries and ( b ) advantage of same position for robot arm by using proper roller geometries in pre-and final hemming stages More

Fig. 11 Blade designs for ( a ) small and ( b ) large flange angles in one stage hemming operations More

Fig. 12 Different roller configurations and additional equipment: ( a ) tandem rollers for one stage hemming, ( b ) corner tool for damage-free corner hemming, ( c ) support roller as a mobile fixture, and ( d ) filler cam for supporting panels. Reproduced with permission. Image Copyright 2022 by ... More

Fig. 13 Schematic illustration of bending and deformation of fibers in large radius bending [ 34 ]. Reproduced with permission. Image Copyright 2002 by Elsevier. More

Fig. 14 An element in small radius bending [ 34 ]. Reproduced with permission. Image Copyright 2002 by Elsevier. More

Fig. 15 Deformation mechanism in roller hemming operation [ 37 ]. Reproduced with permission. Image Copyright 2011 by Elsevier. More