Abstract
The lightweight deflectometer (LWD) is an emerging device for evaluating the quality of compacted layers. Establishing the proper field target modulus for the LWD is crucial for judging the quality of the compacted unbound layers. A rigorous numerical approach to determine the project-specific field target values for a LWD device during the pavement design process is presented in this study. The input parameters to the model include the thickness of the layers, as well as the nonlinear stiffness parameters of each layer estimated from the resilient modulus tests. Simple relationships are proposed to estimate the target modulus when the earthwork can be approximated as a single layer. A parametric study was performed to quantify the impact of the input parameters on the estimated target modulus. The applied load and the plate diameter of the LWD along with some of the nonlinear soil parameters significantly affect the target modulus. The processes of the development and validation of these models are presented in this paper. Furthermore, the impact of moisture variation on estimated target LWD modulus is discussed.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
ASTM E2583-07,
2015
, Standard Test Method for Measuring Deflections with a Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD)
, ASTM International
, West Conshohocken, PA
, www.astm.org2.
ASTM E2835-11,
2015
, Standard Test Method for Measuring Deflections Using a Portable Impulse Plate Load Test Device
, ASTM International
, West Conshohocken, PA
, www.astm.org3.
Abdallah
, I.
, Yuan
, D.
, and Nazarian
, S.
, 2001
, “Integrating Seismic and Deflection Methods to Estimate Pavement Moduli
,” Transport. Res. Rec.
, Vol. 1755
, No. 1
, pp. 43
–50
. https://doi.org/10.3141/1755-054.
Cary
, C. E.
and Zapata
, C. E.
, 2010
, “Enhanced Model for Resilient Response of Soils Resulting from Seasonal Changes as Implemented in Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide
,” Trans. Res. Rec.
, Vol. 2170
, pp. 36
–44
. https://doi.org/10.3141/2170-055.
Fleming
, P. R.
, Frost
, M. W.
, and Lambert
, J. P.
, 2007
, “Review of Lightweight Deflectometer for Routine In Situ Assessment of Pavement Material Stiffness
,” Trans. Res. Rec.
, Vol. 2004
, pp. 80
–87
. https://doi.org/10.3141/2004-096.
Ke
, L.
, Nazarian
, S.
, Abdallah
, I.
, and Yuan
, D.
, 2000
, “A Sensitivity Study of Parameters Involved in Design With Seismic Moduli
,” Research Report No. 1780–2, Center for Highway Materials Research
, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX.7.
Marinho
, E. A. M.
, Chandler
, R. J.
, and Crilly
, M. S.
, 1995
, “Stiffness Measurements of an Unsaturated High Plasticity Clay Using Bender Elements
,” Proceedings of the First International Conference on Unsaturated Soils
, Vol. 2
, Paris, France, September 6–8, 1995.8.
Mazari
, M.
, Navarro
, E.
, Abdallah
, I.
, and Nazarian
, S.
, 2014
, “Comparison of Numerical and Experimental Responses of Pavement Systems Using Various Resilient Modulus Models
,” Soils Found.
, Vol. 54
, No. 1
, pp. 36
–44
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.12.0049.
McKay
, M. D.
, Beckman
, R. J.
, and Conover
, W. J.
, 2000
, “Comparison of Three Methods for Selecting Values of Input Variables in the Analysis of Output from a Computer Code
,” Technometrics
, Vol. 42
, No. 1
, pp. 55
–61
. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.2000.1048597910.
Meshkani
, A.
, Abdallah
, I.
, and Nazarian
, S.
, 2003
, “Feasibility of Backcalculation of Nonlinear Flexible Pavement Layer Parameters from Nondestructive Testing
,” Trans. Res. Rec.
, Vol. 1860
, pp. 16
–25
. https://doi.org/10.3141/1860-0211.
Mooney
, M. A.
and Miller
, P. K.
, 2009
, “Analysis of Lightweight Deflectometer Test Based on In Situ Stress and Strain Response
,” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng.
, Vol. 135
, No. 2
, pp. 199
–208
. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:2(199)12.
Nazarian
, S.
, Rojas
, J.
, Pezo
, R.
, Yuan
, D.
, Abdallah
, I.
, and Scullion
, T.
, 1998
, “Relating Laboratory and Field Moduli of Texas Base Materials
,” Trans. Res. Rec.
, Vol. 1639
, No. 1
, pp. 1
–11
. https://doi.org/10.3141/1639-0113.
Nazarian
, S.
, Mazari
, M.
, Abdallah
, I.
, Puppala
, A.
, Mohammad
, L.
, and Abu-Farsakh
, M.
, 2014
, “Modulus-Based Construction Specification for Compaction of Earthwork and Unbound Aggregate
,” NCHRP Project 10–84
, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board
, Washington, DC
.14.
Nazzal
, M. D.
and Mohammad
, L. N.
, 2010
, “Estimation of Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Soils Using Falling Weight Deflectometer
,” Trans. Res. Rec.
, Vol. 2186
, No. 1
, pp. 1
–10
. https://doi.org/10.3141/2186-0115.
Oh
, J. H.
, Fernando
, E. G.
, Holzschuher
, C.
, and Horhota
, D.
, 2012
, “Comparison of Resilient Modulus Values for Florida Flexible Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design
,” Int. J. Pavement Eng.
, Vol. 13
, No. 5
, pp. 472
–484
. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2011.63317016.
Ooi
, P. S. K.
, Archilla
, A. R.
, and Sandefur
, K. G.
, 2006
, “Resilient Modulus Models for Compactive Cohesive Soils
,” Trans. Res. Rec.
, Vol. 1874
, No. 1
, pp. 115
–124
. https://doi.org/10.3141/1874-1317.
Pujol
, J.
, 2007
, “The Solution of Nonlinear Inverse Problems and the Levenberg–Marquardt Method
,” Geophysics
, Vol. 72
, No. 4
, pp. W1
–W16
. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.273255218.
Puppala
, A. J.
, 2008
, “Estimating Stiffness of Subgrade and Unbound Materials for Pavement Design
,” NCHRP Synthesis 382
, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board
, Washington, DC
.19.
Siekmeier
, J.
, Cassandra
, P.
, Merth
, S.
, and Jensen
, J.
, 2009
, “Using the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer and Light Weight Deflectometer for Construction Quality Assurance
,” Report No. MN/RC 2009–12, Minnesota Department of Transportation
, St. Paul, MN.20.
Tang
, B.
, 1993
, “Orthogonal Array-Based Latin Hypercubes
,” J. Amer. Statist. Assoc.
, Vol. 88
, No. 424
, pp. 1392
–1397
. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1993.10476421.
Terzaghi
, K.
and Peck
, R. B.
, 1948
, Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice
, Wiley
, New York
.22.
Tirado
, C.
, Carrasco
, C.
, Nazarian
, S.
, and Osegueda
, R.
, 2007
, “Updates to Software for Estimating Damage due to Superheavy Loads
,” FHWA/TX-05/9-1502-01-7
, Center for Transportation Infrastructure Systems, University of Texas at El Paso.23.
Tirado
, C.
, Mazari
, M.
, Carrasco
, C.
, and Nazarian
, S.
, 2014
, “A Rapid Algorithm for Considering Nonlinear Material Response of Flexible Pavement Layers for Prediction of Pavement Distress
,” Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting
, Washington, DC, January 12–16, 2014.24.
Vennapusa
, P. K.
and White
, D. J.
, 2009
, “Comparison of Light Weight Deflectometer Measurements for Pavement Foundation Materials
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 32
, No. 3
, pp. 239
–251
.25.
Witczak
, M.
, 2003
, “Harmonized Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Resilient Modulus for Flexible Pavement Design
,” NCHRP Project 1-28A
, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board
, Washington, DC
.
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.
