https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7920-6946
Abstract
The oil contamination of soils and the remediation techniques to enhance the engineering properties of the ground have been an emerging challenge in the geoenvironmental field. While several studies were conducted to examine the behavior of the contaminated granular soils, little is known about the mechanical properties of the oil-contaminated clays. This paper investigates the impacts of the in situ pre-contamination moisture content (PMC) on the behavior of fine-grained soil contaminated with various levels of used engine oil. Extensive laboratory experiments were performed on sandy clay with different initial moisture conditions and various amounts of used engine oil varying from 0 to 16 %. The experimental results, including the Atterberg limits, linear shrinkage (LS), unconfined compressive strength, shear strength, and small-strain shear modulus in conjunction with microstructural image analysis, were reported and discussed. It is observed that when oil content was increased, both LS and plastic limit (PL) increased while the liquid limit decreased in the contaminated soil. Moreover, the inclusion of engine oil contributed to the reduction in the plasticity index, which was also impacted by the PMC of the soil. An increment in the PL was correlated with a significant decrease in shear strength, shear modulus, and other associated parameters such as friction angle and cohesion. In agreement with the results, a broader range of elasticity and improved stability at the microstructure level was associated with a lower pre-contamination water content (PMC). Overall, this paper shows that knowledge of site moisture levels before contamination is essential to evaluate the implications of contamination by used engine oil.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
References
1.
Meng
T.
and Hsu
D.
, “Stated Preferences for Smart Green Infrastructure in Stormwater Management
,” Landscape and Urban Planning
187
(July 2019
): 1
–10
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.03.0022.
Ogie
R. I.
, Perez
P.
, and Dignum
V.
, “Smart Infrastructure: An Emerging Frontier for Multidisciplinary Research
,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Smart Infrastructure and Construction
170
, no. 1
(March 2017
): 8
–16
, https://doi.org/10.1680/jsmic.16.000023.
Singh
S. K.
, Srivastava
R. K.
, and John
S.
, “Studies on Soil Contamination Due to Used Motor Oil and Its Remediation
,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal
46
, no. 9
(September 2009
): 1077
–1083
, https://doi.org/10.1139/t09-0474.
Abousnina
R. M.
, Manalo
A.
, Shiau
J.
, and Lokuge
W.
, “Effects of Light Crude Oil Contamination on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Fine Sand
,” Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal
24
, no. 8
(October 2015
): 833
–845
, https://doi.org/https://www.10.1080/15320383.2015.10583385.
Khamehchiyan
M.
, Charkhabi
A. H.
, and Tajik
M.
, “Effects of Crude Oil Contamination on Geotechnical Properties of Clayey and Sandy Soils
,” Engineering Geology
89
, nos. 3–4
(February 2007
): 220
–229
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.10.0096.
Khodary
S. M.
, Negm
A. M.
, and Tawfik
A.
, “Geotechnical Properties of the Soils Contaminated with Oils, Landfill Leachate, and Fertilizers
,” Arabian Journal of Geosciences
11
, no. 2
(January 2018
): 13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3372-77.
Khosravi
E.
, Ghasemzadeh
H.
, Sabour
M. R.
, and Yazdani
H.
, “Geotechnical Properties of Gas Oil-Contaminated Kaolinite
,” Engineering Geology
166
(November 2013
): 11
–16
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.08.0048.
Plant
R.
, Wilmot
K.
, and Ege
C.
, Contaminated Soil Wastes in Australia
(Sydney, Australia
: Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology
, Sydney, 2014
).9.
Rajabi
H.
and Sharifipour
M.
, “Geotechnical Properties of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils: A Comprehensive Review
,” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment
78
, no. 5
(July 2019
): 3685
–3717
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1343-110.
Naeini
S. A.
and Shojaedin
M. M.
, “Effect of Oil Contamination on the Liquefaction Behavior of Sandy Soils
,” International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering
8
, no. 5
(2014
): 289
–292
, https://doi.org/https://www.10.5281/zenodo.109257611.
Liu
Z.-B.
, Liu
S.-Y.
, and Cai
Y.
, “Engineering Property Test of Kaolin Clay Contaminated by Diesel Oil
,” Journal of Central South University
22
, no. 12
(December 2015
): 4837
–4843
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-3035-312.
Al-Adly
A. I. F.
, Fadhil
A. I.
, and Fattah
M. Y.
, “Bearing Capacity of Isolated Square Footing Resting on Contaminated Sandy Soil with Crude Oil
,” Egyptian Journal of Petroleum
28
, no. 3
(September 2019
): 281
–288
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2019.06.00513.
Safehian
H.
, Rajabi
A. M.
, and Ghasemzadeh
H.
, “Effect of Diesel-Contamination on Geotechnical Properties of Illite Soil
,” Engineering Geology
241
(July 2018
): 55
–63
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.04.02014.
Ratnaweera
P.
and Meegoda
J. N.
, “Shear Strength and Stress-Strain Behavior of Contaminated Soils
,” Geotechnical Testing Journal
29
, no. 2
(March 2006
): 133
–140
, https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj1268615.
Jia
Y.-G.
, Wu
Q.
, Meng
X.-M.
, Yang
X.-J.
, Yang
Z.-N.
, and Zhang
G.-C.
, “Case Study on Influences of Oil Contamination on Geotechnical Properties of Coastal Sediments in the Yellow River Delta
,” in Advances in Environmental Geotechnics: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geoenvironmental Engineering in Hangzhou, China, September 8–10, 2009
(Heidelberg, Germany
: Springer
, 2010
), 767
–771
, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04460-1_9416.
Das
B. M.
and Sobhan
K.
, Principles of Geotechnical Engineering
(Boston, MA
: Cengage Learning
, 2017
).17.
Zheng
J.
, Behrens
S. H.
, Borkovec
M.
, and Powers
S. E.
, “Predicting the Wettability of Quartz Surfaces Exposed to Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids
,” Environmental Science & Technology
35
, no. 11
(April 2001
): 2207
–2213
, https://doi.org/10.1021/es001609318.
Yazdi
A.
and Sharifi Teshnizi
E.
, “Effects of Contamination with Gasoline on Engineering Properties of Fine-Grained Silty Soils with an Emphasis on the Duration of Exposure
,” SN Applied Sciences
3
, no. 7
(June 2021
): 704, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04637-x19.
Kermani
M.
and Ebadi
T.
, “The Effect of Oil Contamination on the Geotechnical Properties of Fine-Grained Soils
,” Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal
21
, no. 5
(September 2021
): 655
–671
, https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2012.67248620.
Al-Shayea
N. A.
, “The Combined Effect of Clay and Moisture Content on the Behavior of Remolded Unsaturated Soils
,” Engineering Geology
62
, no. 4
(December 2001
): 319
–342
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00032-121.
Deng
Y. F.
, Yu
X. B.
, Cui
Y. J.
, Shao
G. H.
, Liu
S. Y.
, and Zhang
D. W.
, “Effect of Pore Water Chemistry on the Hydro-mechanical Behaviour of Lianyungang Soft Marine Clay
,” Applied Clay Science
95
(June 2014
): 167
–175
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.04.00722.
Oluwatuyi
O. E.
, Ojuri
O. O.
, and Koshghalb
A.
, “Cement-Lime Stabilization of Crude Oil Contaminated Kaolin Clay
,” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
12
, no. 1
(February 2020
): 160
–167
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2019.07.01023.
Listyawan
A. B.
, Wiqoyah
Q.
, and Sukmawati
T. A.
, “Shear Strength Evaluation of Silt-Clay Soil under Uni-axial Compression
,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series
1858
(2021
): 012006, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1858/1/01200624.
Al-Sanad
H. A.
, Eid
W. K.
, and Ismael
N. F.
, “Geotechnical Properties of Oil-Contaminated Kuwaiti Sand
,” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
121
, no. 5
(May 1995
): 407
–412
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:5(407)25.
Estabragh
A. R.
, Beytolahpour
I.
, and Javadi
A. A.
, “Effect of Mono Ethylene Glycol Solution on Mechanical Behavior of a Clay Soil
,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation
48
, no. 2
(April 2019
): 938
–954
, https://doi.org/10.1520/jte2018071726.
Mitchell
J. K.
and Soga
K.
, Fundamentals of Soil Behavior
, 3rd ed. (Hoboken, NJ
: Wiley
, 2005
).27.
Ghadyani
M.
, Hamidi
A.
, and Hatambeigi
M.
, “Triaxial Shear Behaviour of Oil Contaminated Clays
,” European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering
23
, no. 1
(2019
): 112
–135
, https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2016.127135928.
Sharma
H. D.
and Reddy
K. R.
, Geoenvironmental Engineering: Site Remediation, Waste Containment, and Emerging Waste Management Technologies
(New York
: Wiley
, 2004
).29.
Brown
D. M.
, Bonte
M.
, Gill
R.
, Dawick
J.
, and Boogaard
P. J.
, “Heavy Hydrocarbon Fate and Transport in the Environment
,” Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
50
, no. 3
(June 2017
): 333
–346
, https://doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2016-14230.
Agboola
J. B.
, Abubakre
O. K.
, Mudiare
E.
, Adeyemi
M. B.
, and Hassan
S. B.
, “Physico-chemical Characteristics and Fatty Acids Composition of Some Selected Nigerian Vegetable Oils for Quenching Medium
,” Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology
8
, no. 3
(April 2015
): 246
–253
, https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/1617731.
Sahasrabudhe
S. N.
, Staton
J. A.
, and Farkas
B. E.
, “Effect of Frying Oil Degradation on Surface Tension and Wettability
,” LWT
99
(January 2019
): 519
–524
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.02632.
Ugochukwu
U. C.
, “Chapter 9 - Characteristics of Clay Minerals Relevant to Bioremediation of Environmental Contaminated Systems
,” in Modfied Clay and Zeolite Nanocomposite Materials: Environmental and Pharmaceutical Applications
, eds. Mercurio
M.
, Sarkar
B.
, and Langella
A.
(Amsterdam, the Netherlands
: Elsevier
, 2019
), 219
–242
.33.
Kaya
A.
and Fang
H.-Y.
, “The Effects of Organic Fluids on Physicochemical Parameters of Fine-Grained Soils
,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal
37
, no. 5
(October 2000
): 943
–950
, https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-02334.
Ojuri
O. O.
, Akinwumi
I. I.
, and Oluwatuyi
O. E.
, “Nigerian Lateritic Clay Soils as Hydraulic Barriers to Adsorb Metals. Geotechnical Characterization and Chemical Compatibility
,” Environment Protection Engineering
43
, no. 4
(2017
): 209
–222
, https://doi.org/10.37190/epe17041635.
Meegoda
N. J.
and Ratnaweera
P.
, “Compressibility of Contaminated Fine-Grained Soils
,” Geotechnical Testing Journal
17
, no. 1
(March 1994
): 101
–112
, https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj10078j36.
Achuba
F. I.
and Peretiemo-Clarke
B. O.
, “Effect of Spent Engine Oil on Soil Catalase and Dehydrogenase Activities
,” International Agrophysics
22
, no. 1
(2008
): 1
–4
.37.
Moavenian
M. H.
and Yasrobi
S. S.
, “Volume Change Behavior of Compacted Clay Due to Organic Liquids as Permeant
,” Applied Clay Science
39
, nos. 1–2
(April 2008
): 60
–71
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2007.04.00938.
Omar
K. R.
, Fatahi
B.
, and Nguyen
L. D.
, “Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of Low Plasticity Clay Contaminated with Engine Oil
,” in Civil Infrastructures Confronting Severe Weathers and Climate Changes Conference
(Cham, Switzerland
: Springer
, 2021
), 21
–32
, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79644-0_339.
Methods of Testing Soils for Engineering Purposes, Method 5.1.1: Soil Compaction and Density Tests—Determination Of The Dry Density/Moisture Content Relation of a Soil Using Standard Compactive Effort
, AS 1289.5.1.1:2017 (Sydney, Australia
: Standards Australia
, 2017
).40.
Montes-H
G.
, Duplay
J.
, Martinez
L.
, Geraud
Y.
, and Rousset-Tournier
B.
, “Influence of Interlayer Cations on the Water Sorption and Swelling–Shrinkage of MX80 Bentonite
,” Applied Clay Science
23
, nos. 5–6
(October 2003
): 309
–321
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(03)00130-341.
Methods of Testing Soils for Engineering Purposes, Method 3.2.1: Soil Classification Tests - Determination of the Plastic Limit of a Soil
, AS 1289.3.2.1-2009 (Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia
, 2009
).42.
Methods of Testing Soils for Engineering Purposes, Method 3.9.1: Soil Classification Tests - Determination of the Cone Liquid Limit of a Soil
, AS 1289.3.9.1:2015 (Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia
, 2015
).43.
Herrick
J. E.
and Jones
T. L.
, “A Dynamic Cone Penetrometer for Measuring Soil Penetration Resistance
,” Soil Science Society of America Journal
66
, no. 4
(July 2002
): 1320
–1324
, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.132044.
Methods of Testing Soils for Engineering Purposes, Method 3.4.1: Soil Classification Tests - Determination of the Linear Shrinkage of a Soil
, AS 1289.3.4.1-2008 Rec:2016 (Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia
, 2016
).45.
Methods for Preparation and Testing of Stabilized Materials, Method 4: Unconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Materials
, AS 5101.4-2008 (Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia
, 2008
).46.
Lee
J.-S.
and Santamarina
J. C.
, “Bender Elements: Performance and Signal Interpretation
,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
131
, no. 9
(Spetember 2005
): 1063
–1070
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2005)131:9(1063)47.
Methods of Testing Soils for Engineering Purposes, Method 6.2.2: Soil Strength and Consolidation Tests - Determination of Shear Strength of a Soil - Direct Shear Test Using a Shear Box
, AS 1289.6.2.2:2020 (Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia
, 2020
).48.
Markgraf
W.
, Watts
C. W.
, Whalley
W. R.
, Hrkac
T.
, and Horn
R.
, “Influence of Organic Matter on Rheological Properties of Soil
,” Applied Clay Science
64
(August 2012
): 25
–33
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2011.04.00949.
Markgraf
W.
, Horn
R.
, and Peth
S.
, “An Approach to Rheometry in Soil Mechanics—Structural Changes in Bentonite, Clayey and Silty Soils
,” Soil and Tillage Research
91
, nos. 1–2
(December 2006
): 1
–14
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.01.00750.
Ahmed
H.-U.-R.
, Abduljauwad
S. N.
, and Akram
T.
, “Geotechnical Behavior of Oil-Contaminated Fine-Grained Soils
,” Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
12
(2007
): 1
–12
.51.
Eslinger
E.
and Pevear
D.
, Clay Minerals for Petroleum Geologists and Engineers
(Tulsa, OK
: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology
, 1985
), https://doi.org/10.2110/scn.88.0152.
Ahmadi
M.
, Ebadi
T.
, and Maknoon
R.
, “Effects of Crude Oil Contamination on Geotechnical Properties of Sand-Kaolinite Mixtures
,” Engineering Geology
283
(March 2021
): 106021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.10602153.
van Olphen
H.
and Hsu
P. H.
, “An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry
,” 126
, no. 1
(July 1978
): 59.54.
Holthusen
D.
, Reeb
D.
, and Horn
R.
, “Influence of Potassium Fertilization, Water and Salt Stress, and Their Interference on Rheological Soil Parameters in Planted Containers
,” Soil and Tillage Research
125
(September 2012
): 72
–79
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.05.00355.
Kleber
M.
, Sollins
P.
, and Sutton
R.
, “A Conceptual Model of Organo-mineral Interactions in Soils: Self-Assembly of Organic Molecular Fragments into Zonal Structures on Mineral Surfaces
,” Biogeochemistry
85
, no. 1
(June 2007
): 9
–24
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9103-556.
Ghezzehei
T. A.
and Or
D.
, “Rheological Properties of Wet Soils and Clays under Steady and Oscillatory Stresses
,” Soil Science Society of America Journal
65
, no. 3
(May 2001
): 624
–637
, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.653624x57.
Oyegbile
O. B.
and Ayininuola
G. M.
, “Laboratory Studies on the Influence of Crude Oil Spillage on Lateritic Soil Shear Strength: A Case Study of Niger Delta Area of Nigeria
,” Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering
3
, no. 2
(2013
): 73
–83
.
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.
